[Chemistry Form 4] Alkaline Aqueous

Hydroxides of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are bases. Bases have many common features: they have a bitter taste, are slippery to the touch, change the colour of indicators, etc. Aqueous solutions of soluble bases are called alkalis.



Solution vs Ionisation

Some strong bases like calcium hydroxide aren't very soluble in water. That doesn't matter as what does dissolve is 100% ionised into calcium ions and hydroxide ions. Thus, calcium hydroxide still counts as a strong base because of that 100% ionisation.



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Hydroxide that are alkalis:

• NaOH
• Mg(OH)₂
• KOH
• LiOH
• NH₄OH

The following the dissociation of acids and base.



Hydrochloric acid

Formula: HCl

Equation to show dissociation: HCL -> H⁺ + Cl^-



Nitric acid

Formula: HNO₃

Equation to show dissociation: HNO₃ -> H⁺ + NO₃^-



Ethanoic acid

Formula: CH₃COOH

Equation to show dissociation: CH₃COOH -> CH₃COO^- + H⁺



Potassium hydroxide

Formula: KOH

Equation to show dissociation: KOH -> K⁺ + OH^-



Sodium hydroxide

Formula: NaOH

Equation to show dissociation: NaOH -> Na⁺ + OH^-



Calcium hydroxide

Formula: Ca(OH)₂

Equation to show dissociation: Ca(OH)₂ -> Ca²⁺ + 2OH^-



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